Research & Lab Reports

Key Findings: In a full-scale test on a 250-ton cooling tower with hard makeup water (high calcium/magnesium), ozone at low residuals (0.05-0.2 ppm) enhanced calcium carbonate precipitation in bulk water but prevented scale adhesion on heat-exchange surfaces. No mineral scale formed on low-temperature components, and no blowdown was needed to control scaling. Ozone provided superior biofilm and microbial control (reducing bacteria by 1,000-fold).

Relevance to PureFlow: Supports how ozone + filtration handles hard water (500+ ppm) by oxidizing organics/biofilm, flushing particulates, and reducing staining/scaling without mineral removal.

Key Findings: Analyzed 13 ozonated cooling systems with hard water (high calcite saturation levels up to 7,634). In systems with moderate to high scale potential, ozone alone led to bulk precipitation of minerals as suspended particles rather than surface deposits. No scale on heat-transfer surfaces in most high-potential cases, attributed to ozone's biocidal action preventing biofouling.

Relevance to PureFlow: Demonstrates ozone's role in disrupting organic matrices/biofilm that promote scaling in hard water, allowing filters to remove particulates.

Key Findings: Pilot-scale cooling tower tests with ozone as sole treatment showed it forms a protective oxidative film on metals, reducing corrosion. Ozone excelled at fouling control by oxidizing biofilm with strong biocidal action achieving excellent biological control and preventing microbe-induced deposits.

Relevance to PureFlow: Highlights ozone's oxidation of organics/biofilm as key to preventing scale in hard water circuits, similar to our injection/mixing/filter setup.

Key Findings: Ozone (residuals ≥0.1 mg/L) oxidizes biofilm, removing 70-80% in hours and killing bacteria rapidly, which loosens adhered scale and prevents new deposits. In hard water (>500 ppm CaCO3), ozone allows higher concentration cycles with less blowdown, reducing scaling risks compared to chemicals.

Relevance to PureFlow: Directly supports observations of no scaling/staining in 500+ ppm hard water—ozone oxidizes organics, and carbon filtration captures residues.

Key Findings: Comprehensive review showing ozone excels at oxidizing organics, disinfecting, and preventing biofouling in water systems. It breaks down biofilms and organic matrices, which can reduce fouling and deposits in various applications.

Relevance to PureFlow: Supports the biofilm/organic oxidation aspect which indirectly inhibits scale by preventing organic-bound mineral adhesion.

Key Findings: Focuses on ozone dosing for micropollutant removal and disinfection in wastewater, with notes on process optimization to minimize byproducts. Ozone's strong oxidation prevents organic buildup.

Relevance to PureFlow: Reinforces ozone's role in organic breakdown and cleanliness in water lines—aligns with reduced staining/scaling from oxidized residues.

Key Findings: Ozone effectively oxidizes organics, inactivates bacteria, and prevents regrowth/biofilm in various water matrices, including at low doses with filtration follow-up.

Relevance to PureFlow: Biofilm prevention and organic oxidation directly tie into why carbon-filtered ozonated water shows less scaling—minerals don't stick as well without organic 'glue.'

Key Findings: Tutorial review on AOPs including ozone-based systems; emphasizes oxidation of organics and need for standardized testing in real matrices.

Relevance to PureFlow: Ozone is highlighted for organic degradation without residues—supports the 'pure water' effect leading to less deposit-prone water.